apa yang terjadi ?

[Linn]

Assalamualaikum

Terlebih dahulu mohon maaf lah kiranya permintaan ini akan membebankan moderatornya....

Kalau dilihat pada catatan terakhir pengajaran B. Inggeris ini ada tertulis " To be continued" jadinya untuk kebaikan... dapatlah kiranya pengajaran ini diteruskan ...tapi apapun terpuianglah kpd moderatornya kerana ruangan ni free kan sekadar mencadangkan kerana didapati pengajarannya amat sesuai bagi kami untuk mempelajari BI.....

Wasallam

[putera]

mungkin ada ler tu
sabar aja Linn ....

syabas buat kelip kelip
atas usaha yang sungguh sungguh

[Linn]

Assalamualaikum Putera !
Sabar itukan separuh drp iman. lagipun kita tak boleh mamaksa org dan sekadar mencadang bolehlah kan. Terima kaseh Putera .... 40 page tu dah diprintkan. Alahmdulillah dapat juga ilmu copy / paste yg berguna dari putera tu. Alhamdulillah jua kerana dapat ikuti kelas pemantapan BI dari En. Charles Clennel pensyarah mat salleh dari Australia dng biayaan Yayasan Naquiddin sehingga bulan Sept. Rupanya banyak betul yang kami tak tahu.....

[Kelipkelip]

FORMS OF THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS

119.The following are the different forms of the Personal Pronouns

FIRST PERSON (Masculine or Feminie)

[/color]
[Nominative]['I]
[Possessive][my, mine]
[Accusative][me]
[/ul]

[/color]
[Nominative][we]
[Possessive][our, ours]
[Accusative][us]
[/ul]

SECOND PERSON (Masculine or Feminine)

THIRD PERSON

[/color]]
[][Masculine[Feminine]
[Nominative][he][she]
[Possessive][his][her, hers]
[Accusative][him][her]
[/ul]

[/color]]
[li][Neuter[All Genders]
[Nominative][it][they]
Possessive][its][their, theirs]
Accusative][it][them]
[/li][/ul]

Note 1. It will be seen that the Possessive Cases of most of the Personal Pronouns have two forms. Of these the form my, our, her, their are called Possessive Adjectives because they are used with nouns and do the work of Adjectives; as,

This is my book.
Those are your books.
That is her book.

Possessive Adjectives are sometimes called Pronominal Adjectives, as they formed from Pronouns.

Note 2 The word his is used both as an Adjective and as a Pronoun; as

This is his book. (Possessive Adjective)
This book is his. (Possessive Pronoun)

In the following sentences the words in italics are Possessive Pronouns :

This book is mine.
Those books are yours.
That book is hers.
That idea of yours is excellent.

To be continued.

[Kelipkelip]

120. The Pronoun of the Third Person has three Genders:
Masculine : he
Feminine : she
Neuter : it

121. It The Pronoun it is used :
(1) For things without life; as,
Here is your book; take it away.

(2) For animals, unless we clearly wish to speak of them as male and female; as,
He loves his dog and cannot do without it.
The horse fell and broke its leg.

(3) For a young child, unless we clearly wish to refer to the sex; as,
When I saw the child it was crying.
That baby has torn its clothes.

(4) To refer to some statement going before; as,
He is telling what is not true; as he knows it.
He desrved his punishment; as he knew it.

(5) As a provisional and temporary subject before the verb to be when the real subject follows; as,
It is easy to find fault. (To find fault is easy).
It is doubtful whether he will come.
It is certain that you are wrong.

(6) To give emphasis to the noun or pronoun following; as,
It was you who began the quarrel.
It was I who first protested.
It was at Versailles that the treaty was made.
It is a silly fish that is caught twice with the same bait.
It is an ill wind that blows nobody good.

(7) As an indefinite nominative of an impersonal verb; as,
It rains.
It snows.
It thunders.

The Pronoun it here seems to stand for no noun whatever, though this can be readily supplied from the verb. Thus, 'It rains' means 'The rain rains'.
It so used is called an Impersonal Pronoun. So also the verb rains is here called an Impersonal Verb.

(8) In speaking of weather or the time; as
It is fine.
It is winter.
It is ten o'clock.

To be continued

[Kelipkelip]

122. Since a Personal Pronoun is used instead of a Noun, it must be of the same number, gender and person as the Noun for which it stands; as,

Rama is a kind boy. He has lent his bicycle to Govind.
Sita helps her mother in household work. She also does her lesson.
Those beggars are idle. They refuse to work for their living.

123. When a Pronoun* stands for a Collective Noun, it must be in the Singular Number (and Neuter Gender) if the Collective Noun is viewed as a whole; as,

The army had to suffer terrible privations in its march.
The fleet will reach its destination in a week.
The crew mutinied and murdered its officers.
After a few minutes the jury gave its verdict.

If the Collective Noun conveys the idea of seperate individuals comparising the whole, the Pronoun standing for it must be of the Plural Number; as,

The jury were devided in their opinions.
The committee decided the matter without leaving their seats.

124. When two or more Singular Nouns are joined by and, the Pronoun used for them must be Plural; as,

Rama and Hari work hard. They are praised by their teacher.
Both Sita and Savitri are tired; they have gone home.

But when two Singular Nouns joined by and refer to the same person or thing, the Pronoun used must of course be Singular; as,

The Secretary and Treasurer is negligent of his duty.

125. When two Singular Nouns joined by and are preceded by each or every, the Pronoun must be Singular; as,

Every soldier and every sailor was in his place.

126. When two or more Singular Nouns are joined by or or either, nor, the Pronoun is generally Singular; as,

Rama or Hari must lend his hand.
Either Sita or Amina forgot to take her parasol.
Neither Abdul nor Karim has done his lesson.

127. When a Plural Noun and a Singular Noun are joined by or or nor, the Pronoun must be in the Plural; as,

Either the manager or his assistants failed in their duty.

To be continued

[Kelipkelip]

128. When a pronoun refers to more than one noun or pronoun of different persons, it must be of the first person plural in preference to the second, and of the second person plural in preference to the third; as,

You and I have done our duty.
You and Hari have idled away your time.

129. Good manners require that we should say :

'You and I' not 'I and you'.
'You and he' not 'he and you'.
'Hari and I' not 'I and Hari'.
'He and I' not 'I and he'.
You and I must work together.
You and he must mend your ways.
Hari and I are old school friends.
He and I can never pull on together.

130. Each of the personal pronouns, I, he, she, we, they, has a different form for the accusative case, namely, me, him, her, us, them. It is common mistake to use I for me, when the pronoun is connected by a conjunction (and, or) with some other word in the accusative case.
Study the following correct sentences :

The presents are for you and me. (Not I)
My uncle asked my brother and me to dinner.

131. Note that but is a preposition in the following sentence:

Nobody will help you but me. (not : I)

Take care to use the accusative form after but in such cases.

To be continued

[Kelipkelip]

CHAPTER 16

REFLEXICE AND EMPHATIC PRONOUNS

132. When -self is added to my, your, him, her, it and -selves to our, your, them, we get what are called Compound Personal Pronouns.
They are called Replexice Pronouns when the action done by the subject turns back (reflects) upon the subject; as,

I hurt myself.
You will hurt yourself.
He hurt himself.
She hurt herself.
The horse hurt itself.
We hurt ourselves.
You will hurt yourselves.
They hurt themselves.

It will be noticed that each of these Reflexive Pronouns is used as the Object of a verb, and refers to the same person or thing as that denoted by the Subject of the verb.

133. Sometimes, in older English, especially in poetry, a simple pronoun was used reflexively; as,

Now I lay me down to sleep.

134. The word self is sometimes used as a Noun; as,

To shine own self be true.
He cares for nothing but self.
He thinks much of self.


EMPHATIC PRONOUNS

135. Now look at the following sentences :

I will do it myself.
I myself saw him do it.
We will see to it ourselves.
You yourself can best explain.
He himself said so.
She herself says so.
It was told so by the teacher himself.
We saw the Prime Minister himself.
The town itself is not very large.
They themselves admitted their guilt.

It will be seen that here Compound Personal Pronouns are used for the sake of emphasis, and are therefore called Emphatic Pronouns.

To be continued

[Kelipkelip]

CHAPTER 17

DEMONSTRATIVE , INDEFINATE AND DISTRIBUTIVE PRONOUNS

136. Consider the following sentences :

This is a present from my uncle.
These are merely excuses.
Both cars are good; but this is better than that.
Mumbai mangoes are better than those of Banglore.
Make haste, that's a good boy.
(Here that = one who makes haste)
There is no period in ancient Indian history so glorious as that of the Guptas.
(Do not write, "as the Guptas")
My views are quite in accordance with those of the University Commission.
I may have offended, but such was not my intention.
He was the representative of the King, and as such (=the representative of the King) they honoured him.
The stranger is welcomed as such.
That is the Red Fort.

It will be noticed that the Pronouns in italics are used to point out the objects to which they refer, and are, thefore, called Demonstrative Pronouns. (Latin demonstrare, to show clearly).

137. This, that, etc are (Demonstrative) Adjectives when they are used with nouns; as,

This book is mine.
That pen is yours.
These books are mine.
Those pens are yours.
What was that noise?
This horse is better than that horse.
All such people ought to be avoided.

138. This refers to what is close at hand, and nearest to the thought or person of the speaker, that refers to what is 'over there', farther away, and more remote.

This is better than that.

139. That, with its plural those, is used to avoid the repetition of a preceding Noun; as,

The climate of Belgium is like that of Pune.
The streets of this city are worse than those of Ahmedabad.
Our soldiers were better drilled than those of enemies.
The rivers of America are larger than those of Europe.

140. When two things which have been already mentioned are referred to, this refers to the thing last mentioned, that to the thing first mentioned; as,

Virtue and vice offer themselves for your choice; this (i.e vice) leads to misery, that (i.e virtue) to happiness.
Alcohol and tobacco are both injurious, this perhaps, less than that.

To be continued)

[Kelipkelip]

INDIFINATE PRONOUNS

141. Consider the following sentences :

One hardly knows what to do.
One does not like to say, but it is only too true.
One cannot be too careful of one's (not, his) good name.
One must not boast of one's own success.
One must use one's best efforts if one wishes to succeed.
One must not praise one's self.
None of his poems are well known.
None but fools have ever beleived it.
(None is shortened form of not one; yet it is commonly used with plural verbs).
They (=people in general) say he has heavily.
They say that one of the local banks has stopped payment. (They say = it is said by some persons.)
All were drowned.
Some are born great.
Some say he is sharper.
Somebody has stolen my watch.
Nobody was there to rescue the child.
Few escaped unhurt.
Many of them were Gurkhas.
We did not see any of them again.
One or other of us will be there.
Do good to others.
Did you ask anybody to come?
What is everybody's business is nobody's business.
His words are in everyone's mouth.

All these pronouns in italics refer to persons or things in a general way, but do not refer to any person or thing in particular. They are, called Indefinate Pronouns.

142. Most of these words may also be used as Adjectives.

I will take you there one day.
Any fool can do that.
He is a man of few words.
Some milk was spilt.

143. In refering to anybody, everybody, everyone, anyone, each etc., the pronoun he or she is used according to the context; as,

I shall be glad to help everyone of my boys in his studies.

Note that today it is more usual to use a plural pronoun (they / them / their) except in very formal English.

Anybody can do it if they try.
Each of them had their share.

To be continued.

[Kelipkelip]

DISTRIBUTIVE PRONOUNS

144. Consider the following sentences :

Each of the boys gets a prize.
Each took it in turn.
Either of these roads leads to the railway station.
Either of you can go.
Neither of the accusation is true.

Each, either, neither are called Disributive Pronouns because they refer to persons or things one at a time. For this reason they are always singular and as such followed by the verb in the singular.

Note : Each is used to denote every one of a number of persons or things taken singly.
Either means the one or the other of two.
Neither means not the one nor the other of two. It is the negative of either.
Hence either and neither should be used only in speaking of two persons or things.
When more than two are spoken of, any, no one, none should be used.

145. The position of the pronoun each should be noticed. It may have three positions.

Each of the men received a reward.
Each of these horses cost five thousand rupees.
I bought each of these mangoes for three rupees.

These men received each a reward.
These horses cost each five thousand rupees.

These horses cost five thousand rupees each.
I bought these mangoes for three rupees each.

The third order is usual after a numeral. We do not say, 'The men received a reward each'; but we say,'The men received five hundred rupees each'.

146. In the following sentences, each, either and neither are used as Adjectives; they are followed by nouns of the singular number :

Each boy took his turn.
Neither accusation is true.
At either end was a marble statue. (Here either = each or both.)

147. Study the following senrences :
1. The two men hate each other.
2. They cheated one another.

If we analyse them, they mean :
1.The two men hate, each hates the other.
2. They cheated, one cheated another.

Each and one really belong to the subject, other and another are objects. But each other and one another have become in practice compound pronouns (called Reciprocal Pronouns) and are rarely separated even by a preposition. Thus we say :

The brothers quarrelled with each other.
They all gave evidence against one another.

Note : The one-time rule that each other should be used in speaking of two persons or things, one another in speaking of more than two is no longer strictly observed. 'The three brothers quarrelled with each other' is now accepted as idiomatic.

To be continued.

[Kelipkelip]

CAHPTER 18

RELATIVE PRONOUNS

148. Read the following sentences :

1. I met Hari. Hari had just returned.
2. I have found the pen. I had lost the pen.
3. Here is the book. You lent me the book.

Leat us now combine each of the above pairs into one sentence. Thus :

1. I met Hari who had just returned.
2. I have found the pen which I had lost.
3. Here is the book that you lent me.

Now let us examine the work done by each of the words, who, which and that.
The word who is used instead of the noun Hari. It, therefore, does the work of a Pronoun.
The word who, thefore, does double work - the work of a Pronoun and also the work of a Conjunction.
We might, therefore, call a Relative Pronoun because it refers or relates (i.e, carries us back) to some noun going before (here, the noun Hari), which is called its Antecedent.
Let the pupil show why which and that are also Relative Pronouns in the second and third sentences.
What is the Antecedent of which in the second sentence?
Waht is the Antecedent of that in the third sentence?

To be continued.

[Kelipkelip]

FORMS OF THE RELATIVE PRONOUNS

149. The Relative Pronoun who has different for Accusative and Genitive.

[] [Singular and Plural]
[Nominative] [who]
[Genitive] [whose]
[Accusative] [whom / who]

This is the boy (or girl) who works hard.
This is the boy (or girl) whose exercise is done well.
This the boy (or girl) whom / who all praise.
These are the boys (or girls) whose exercises are done well.
These are the boys (or girls) whom / who all praise.

It will be noticed that the forms are the same for singular and plural, masculine and feminine.

150. The relative Pronoun which has the same form for the Nominative and Accusative cases.

This is the house which belongs to my uncle.
The house which my uncle built cost him Rm350,000.00.

The Relative Pronoun which has no Genitive Case, but whose is used as a subsitute for 'of which'; as,

A triangle whose three sides are equal is called an aquilateral triangle.

151. The Relative Pronoun that has the same form in the Singular and Plural, and in the Nominative and Accusative. It has no Genitive case.

He that is content is rich.
They that touch pitch will be defiled.
Take anything that you like.

152. The Relative Pronoun what is used only in the Singular, and has the same form in the Nominative and Accusative.

What has happened is not clear.
I say what I mean.
He failed in what he attempted.

To be continued.

[Kelipkelip]

USE OF THE REALTIVE PRONOUNS

153. As a general rule, who is used for persons only. It may refer to a Singular or a Plural Noun.

The man who is honest is trusted.
Blessed is he who has found his work.
He prayeth best who loved best.
He who hesitates is lost.
They never fall who die in a great cause.
They are slaves who dare not be in the right with two or three.

Who is sometimes used in referring to animals.

Whose (the Possessive form of who) is used in speaking of persons, animals and also things without life; as,

The sun, whose rays give life to the earth, is regarded by some people as a god.
This is the question whose solution has baffled philosophers of all ages.
(More properly, 'This is the question the solution of which has baffled philosophers of all ages'.)

154. Which is used for things without life and for animals. It may refer to a Singular or Plural Noun.

The moment which is lost is lost for ever.
The books which help you most are those which make you think most.
The horse which I recently bought is an Arab.

Which was formerly used to refer to persons; as,

Our father, which is a good doctor.

Which may also refer to a sentence; as,

The man was said to be drunk, which was not the case.
He said he saw me there, which was a lie.
He is here, which is fortunate.

Note : The relative pronouns who and which can be used;
(i) To restrict, limit, or define more clearly the antecedent; that is, where the clause introduced by a relative pronoun is restrictive or defining; as,

The man who had cheated me was yesterday arrested by the police.
The book which you see on the table cost me ninety ringgits.

(ii) To give some additional information about the antecedent; that is, where the clause introduced by a relative pronoun is continuative or defining; as,

The teacher sent for the boy, who (=and he) came at once.
I gave him a dollar, which (=and it) was all I had with me.

Note that non-defining clauses are separated from the main clause by commas. Compare;

My brother who is a doctor has gone to America.
My brother, who is a doctor, has gone to America.

The first sentence implies that the speaker has several brothers, and the clause who is a doctor distinguishes a particular one of them. In the second, the clause does not define and the implication is that the speaker has only one brother.

To be continued.

[Kelipkelip]

155. That is used for persons and things. It may refer to a Singular or a Plural Noun.
That has no genitive case and it is never used with a preposition preceding.

This is the boy that I told you of.
I know the house that he lives in.
Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown.
I have lost the watch that you gave me.
Thrice is he armed that hath his quarrel just.
A city that is set on a hill cannot be bid.
He that is not with me is against me.
Happy is the man that findeth wisdom.
He that is slow to anger is better than the mighty.
The crowd that gathered cheered him to the echo.
Who that has met him can escape his influence?
All that I said had no effect on him.
He was the most eloquent speaker that I ever heard.

It will be noticed that the relative pronoun that is used only in defining clauses, i.e, clauses that restrict, limit, or define the antecedent.

156. That may be used as an adverbial accusative = on which, in which, at which; as

I remember the day that he came.
On the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die.

157. As the Relative Pronoun that has a restrictive force it sometimes becomes unsuitable as the substitute for who or which. Thus I cannot say -

My father that is a schoolmaster is fifty years old.

I must say -

My father, who is a schoolmaster, is fifty years old.

But if I happen to have more than one sister, I can say -

My sister that has been adopted by my uncle is ill.

To be continued